Besides the religion, what's the difference between Arabs and Jews, if they are the same people from the same part of the Middle East?

They are not the same people.

Positive social mobility - and back to Cambridge dictionary: “the ability to move from one level of society to another”, namely and in practical terms, the ability of any person of any social level to change his or her level, based on personal skills and ambition.

There is good reason why they bear distinctive names…

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Pluralism - as defined by Cambridge dictionary: “the belief that the existence of different types of people within the same society is a good thing”

In a nutshell, the Arabs are the exact opposite…

Jews are a part of the Western Civilization and adhere to Western values. Actually, a great deal of these values stem from Jewish ethics.

What might be the social consequences of an ethnic as opposed to a civic conception of the nation?

Besides, while the world “Jews” is both a religious and ethnic term, the word “Arab” is a cultural term.

Israel, being a Jewish majority country (and because of this), is typified by:

Liberalism - as defined by Merriam-Webster: “a political philosophy based on belief in progress and stressing the essential goodness of the human race, freedom for the individual from arbitrary authority, and protection and promotion of political and civil liberties.”

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Religion is far from being a major player in the Middle Eastern conflict and this follows the biggest difference between Jews and the peoples of the Middle East, colloquially named “Arabs.”